Nanobubble-containing liquid solutions

A nanobubble-containing liquid solution generation system, the system comprising:

• (a) at least one nanobubble generator, each nanobubble generator comprising an inflow portion for receiving a source liquid solution, a treatment portion for treating the source liquid solution, and an outflow portion for releasing a treated liquid solution having nanobubbles, the treatment portion comprising at least two sequential shear planes separated by cavitation spaces;
• and (b) a source of the liquid solution in liquid communication with the inflow portion of the nanobubble generator.

A method of producing a liquid solution having an enhanced concentration of nanobubbles, the method comprising:

• (a) providing a nanobubble generator comprising an inflow portion for receiving a source liquid solution, a treatment portion for treating the source liquid solution, and an outflow portion for releasing a treated liquid solution having nanobubbles, the treatment portion comprising at least two sequential shear planes separated by cavitation spaces;
• and (b) passing the source liquid solution through the nanobubble generator, thereby producing the treated liquid solution having nanobubbles.

A method of enhancing the qualities of a material, the method comprising:

• (a) passing a source liquid solution through a nanobubble generator thereby producing a treated liquid solution having nanobubbles;
• and (b) contacting the material with the treated liquid solution.

A method of removing or preventing the formation of biofilm on a surface, the method comprising:

• (a) passing a source liquid solution through a nanobubble generator thereby producing a treated liquid solution having nanobubbles;
• and (b) contacting the surface with the treated liquid solution having nanobubbles.

A method of reducing the content of ammonia in manure of birds, the method comprising feeding the birds with a liquid solution having nanobubbles.

A method of removing heavy metals from a material, the method comprising:

• (a) passing a source liquid solution through a nanobubble generator thereby producing a treated liquid solution having nanobubbles;
• and (b) contacting the material with the treated liquid solution having nanobubbles.

A nanobubble-containing liquid solution comprising a substantially high concentration of stable nanobubbles, wherein the nanobubbles in the nanobubble containing solution have a mean size of under about 100 nm.

An apparatus or system including a nanobubble generator.

A use of a nanobubble generator in the manufacture of an apparatus or system, wherein the nanobubble generator comprises an inflow portion for receiving a source liquid solution, a treatment portion for treating the source liquid solution, and an outflow portion for releasing a nanobubble containing liquid solution, the treatment portion comprising at least two sequential shear planes separated by cavitation spaces, and wherein the apparatus or system is selected from:

• water heating system, water cooling system, potable water system, sanitation systems, water filtration systems, power washers, car washers, laundry machines, dishwashers, and vacuum cleaners.