Toner, developer, and image forming apparatus

A developer comprising:

• a toner;
• and
• a carrier,
• wherein the toner comprises:
• toner base particles;
• and
• an external additive,
• the toner base particles each comprising a binder resin and a releasing agent,
• wherein the external additive comprises non-spherical coalesced particles in each of which primary particles are coalesced together, and
• wherein the coalesced particles satisfy the following formula (1):
• Nx
• 1
• ,
• 000
• ×
• 100
• ≤
• 30
• 
• %
• Formula
• 
• 
• (
• 1
• )
• where Nx is a number of the primary particles present alone relative to 1,000 of the coalesced particles, as observed under a scanning electron microscope after stirring 0.5 g of the coalesced particles and 49.5 g of a carrier placed in a 50 mL bottle for 10 minutes by means of a mixing and stirring device at 67 Hz.

An image forming apparatus comprising:

• a latent electrostatic image bearing member;
• a latent electrostatic image forming unit configured to form a latent electrostatic image on the latent electrostatic image bearing member;
• a developing unit, which houses a toner, and is configured to develop the latent electrostatic image to form a visible image;
• a transfer unit configured to transfer the visible image onto a recording medium;
• and
• a fixing unit configured to fix the visible image transferred onto the recording medium,
• wherein the toner comprises:
• toner base particles;
• and
• an external additive,
• the toner base particles each comprising a binder resin and a releasing agent,
• wherein the external additive comprises non-spherical coalesced particles in each of which primary particles are coalesced together, and
• wherein the coalesced particles satisfy the following formula (1):
• Nx
• 1
• ,
• 000
• ×
• 100
• ≤
• 30
• 
• %
• Formula
• 
• 
• (
• 1
• )
• where Nx is a number of the primary particles present alone relative to 1,000 of the coalesced particles, as observed under a scanning electron microscope after stirring 0.5 g of the coalesced particles and 49.5 g of a carrier placed in a 50 mL bottle for 10 minutes by means of a mixing and stirring device at 67 Hz.