Fixing member, heating apparatus and electrophotographic image forming apparatus

A process for producing a fixing member to be used in an electrophotographic apparatus, the fixing member comprising:

• a substrate,
• an elastic layer,
• an intermediate layer, and
• a surface layer comprising a fluororesin, in this order,
• wherein the elastic layer comprises a silicone rubber and sodium ions;
• and
• wherein the intermediate layer comprises an amino group-containing polysiloxanes,
• the process comprising the steps of:
• forming, on a surface of the intermediate layer opposite to a surface facing the elastic layer, a primer layer comprising a copolymer of tetrafluoroethylene and perfluoro(alkyl vinyl ether), to which a phosphate group is bound,
• forming, on the primer layer, a coating layer comprising a copolymer of tetrafluoroethylene and perfluoro(alkyl vinyl ether) or a coating layer comprising a copolymer of tetrafluoroethylene and hexafluoropropylene, and
• melting the copolymer of tetrafluoroethylene and perfluoro(alkyl vinyl ether) in the primer layer and the copolymer of tetrafluoroethylene and perfluoro(alkyl vinyl ether) or the copolymer of tetrafluoroethylene and hexafluoropropylene in the coating layer to form the surface layer.