Single and multi-needle electromyographic (emg) recording electrode configurations for intraoperative nerve integrity monitoring

An electromyographic (EMG) recording electrode assembly for intraoperative nerve integrity monitoring, comprising:

• one or more cables enabled for connection directly or indirectly to a nerve integrity monitor;
• an electrode hub connected to the one or more cables;
• and
• one or more needle electrodes connected to the electrode hub, each of the one or more needle electrodes extending perpendicularly from an undersurface of the hub, each of the one or more needle electrodes extending along a line of insertion into a patient from the electrode hub to a first bend in a first direction, and extending from the first bend in a second direction to an end of the electrode, defining a proximal needle segment from the hub to the first bend and a terminal needle segment from the first bend to the end of the electrode, wherein the terminal needle segment and at least a portion of the proximal needle segment are insertable into a patient along the line of insertion.