Methods to detect cancer in animals

A method for detecting the presence of cancer in an animal that was administered an administered labeled molecule, comprising:

• (A) performing (i), (ii), or both:
• (i) obtaining a first NMR spectrum of a first non-cancer cell extract, and obtaining a second NMR spectrum of a first cancer cell extract;
• (ii) obtaining a first MS spectrum of a second non-cancer cell extract, and obtaining a second MS spectrum of a second cancer cell extract;
• (B) determining a first amount of at least one resultant labeled molecule from the first NMR spectrum, from the first MS spectrum, or from both;
• (C) determining a second amount of at least one resultant labeled molecule from the second NMR spectrum, from the second MS spectrum, or from both;
• and
• (D) detecting the presence of cancer by comparing the first amount of at least one resultant labeled molecule with the second amount of at least one resultant labeled molecule;
• Where:
• the first non-cancer cell extract was obtained from a first set of non-cancer cells removed from a tissue of the animal,
• the first cancer cell extract was obtained from a first set of cancer cells removed from the tissue of the animal,
• the second non-cancer cell extract was obtained from a second set of non-cancer cells removed from the tissue of the animal, and
• the second cancer cell extract was obtained from a second set of cancer cells removed from the tissue of the animal.