Carbon-based material and method of producing the same, and composite material and method of producing the same

A carbon-based material which is mixed into a matrix material including aluminum or magnesium,

• wherein a surface of a carbon material has a first bonding structure and a second bonding structure,
• wherein the first bonding structure is a structure in which an element X bonds to a carbon atom of the carbon material,
• wherein the second bonding structure is a structure in which an element Y bonds to the element X,
• wherein the element X includes at least one element selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen, and phosphorus, and
• wherein the element Y includes at least one element selected from magnesium, aluminum, silicon, calcium, titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, nickel, copper, zinc, and zirconium.