Fuel cells comprising laminar flow induced dynamic conducting interfaces, electronic devices comprising such cells, and methods employing same

A method of generating electricity comprising:

• flowing a first liquid and a second liquid through a channel in multistream laminar flow, wherein the first liquid is in contact with a first electrode and the second liquid is in contact with a second electrode, wherein complementary half cell reactions take place at the first and the second electrodes, respectively, wherein a current density of at least 0.1 mA/cm2 is produced, and the first liquid comprises a fuel, and the second liquid comprises an oxidant.

A fuel cell comprising a first electrode and a second electrode, wherein ions travel from the first electrode to the second electrode without traversing a membrane, and wherein a current density of at least 0.1 mA/cm2 is produced.

In a fuel cell comprising a first liquid containing a fuel in contact with a first electrode, a second liquid containing an oxidant in contact with a second electrode, and a membrane separating the first and the second electrodes, the improvement comprising replacing the membrane with a multistream laminar flow of the first and the second liquids.