Methods and systems for temperature-based battery charging

A controller to control charging a battery pack, the controller comprising:

• at least one processor;
• and
• a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium configured to store instructions, wherein the instructions, in response to execution, by the at least one processor, cause the controller to perform or control performance of operations that comprise:
• determine a temperature of the battery pack;
• compare the temperature of the battery pack with a reference temperature value;
• in response to determining that the temperature of the battery pack is less than the reference temperature value, applying heating-optimized pulses, having a first frequency, to the battery pack, the heating-optimized pulses comprising a sequence of alternating positive and negative pulses, wherein the heating-optimized pulses carry a net positive charge;
• concurrent to applying the heating-optimized pulses to the battery pack, determine the temperature of the battery pack;
• and
• in response to determining that the temperature of the battery pack is more than the reference temperature value, apply charging current to the battery pack,
• wherein the operation to apply the charging current to the battery comprises an operation to apply charging-optimized pulses, having a second frequency, to the battery pack, the charging-optimized pulses comprising a sequence of alternating positive and negative pulses, and wherein the charging-optimized pulses carry a net positive charge, and
• wherein an amplitude of positive pulses comprised in the heating-optimized pulses is greater than an amplitude of positive pulses comprised in the charging-optimized pulses, and wherein an amplitude of negative pulses comprised in the heating-optimized pulses is greater than an amplitude of negative pulses comprised in the charging-optimized pulses.