Combined magnetic force dilatometry with X-ray diffraction

A system comprising:

• a fixture configured to hold a coin cell during a cycling program of the coin cell;
• a magnetic force dilatometry sensor disposed at or near the fixture;
• an imaging sensor disposed at or near the fixture;
• and
• memory hardware storing instructions that, when executed on data processing hardware in communication with the memory hardware, cause the data processing hardware to perform operations comprising:
• based on processing of first sensor data captured by the magnetic force dilatometry sensor, determining a total expansion value for the coin cell, the first sensor data representative of the coin cell during the cycling program of the coin cell;
• based on processing of second sensor data captured by the imaging sensor, determining a reversible expansion value for the coin cell, the second sensor data representative of the coin cell during the cycling program of the coin cell;
• and
• based on the total expansion value and the reversible expansion value, determining an irreversible expansion value for the coin cell.