Faradic porosity cell

An electrochemical device for at least partially removing or reducing a target ionic species from an aqueous solution, the electrochemical device comprising:

• a faradic porosity cell including:
• at least one first electrode including an activated carbon film having a void fraction of about 30 percent to about 65 percent and a surface area of about 1200 square meters per gram to about 1400 square meters per gram;
• at least one second electrode including a carbon felt having a void fraction of about or greater than 95 percent and a surface area of about 0.1 square meters per gram to about 5 square meters per gram;
• a current collector in contact with the at least one first electrode;
• and
• a current collector in contact with the at least one second electrode,
• wherein a target ionic species is immobilized onto the at least one first electrode or the at least one second electrode such that the target ionic species is not desorbed into a waste stream without application of an external voltage.