Ferroelectric oxide- and ferroelectric monochalcogenide-based capacitors

An apparatus comprising:

• a capacitor comprising:
• a first electrode comprising a ferroelectric oxide;
• a second electrode comprising a ferroelectric oxide;
• and
• a ferroelectric insulating layer comprising a ferroelectric oxide and positioned between the first electrode and the second electrode,
• wherein the ferroelectric insulating layer comprises tungsten and oxygen.

An apparatus comprising:

• a capacitor comprising:
• a first electrode;
• a second electrode;
• and
• a ferroelectric insulating layer positioned between the first electrode and the second electrode, wherein the first electrode comprises a perovskite oxide, the second electrode comprises a perovskite oxide, and the ferroelectric insulating layer comprises a ferroelectric oxide including tungsten and oxygen;
• and
• a conductive layer positioned adjacent to the first electrode, wherein individual of the first electrode, the second electrode, the ferroelectric insulating layer, and the conductive layer comprise a first sidewall portion, a second sidewall portion, and a bottom portion;
• the first sidewall portion of the second electrode, the second sidewall portion of the second electrode, and the bottom portion of the second electrode defining a volume substantially filled by one or more metals.