Rubber-based article with low fluid permeability

A tube for use as at least a part of a pipeline, the tube comprising:

• a rubber-based material that is configured to restrict fluid permeability and that comprises lignin that has been treated by hydrothermal carbonization,
• a second material,
• a first side configured to be exposed to a first environment, and
• a second side configured to be exposed to a second environment, such that:
• the rubber-based material or a coating of the rubber-based material forms at least a part of the first side,
• the second material forms at least a part of the second side, and
• the first side is configured to be exposed to a higher pressure than the second side, wherein:
• the rubber-based material comprises at least one of natural rubber, styrene-butadiene rubber, nitrile-butadiene rubber, nitrile rubber, chloroprene rubber, and ethylene propylene diene rubber;
• the rubber-based material comprises 8 wt % to 35 wt % lignin treated by hydrothermal carbonization;
• the rubber-based material comprises a cured material;
• a composition of the second material is different from a composition of the rubber-based material configured to restrict fluid permeability;
• the tube is longer than a diameter of the tube;
• and
• the first side of the tube is an inner side of the tube.