Methods of detecting cancer

A method for early detection of the presence of cancer in a subject, the method comprising:

• (a) collecting a blood sample of the subject;
• (b) quantifying the level of a panel of biomarkers from the blood sample of the subject using one or more immunoassays, wherein the panel of biomarkers comprises AFP, CA125, CA15-3, CA19-9, CEA, and CYFRA 21-1;
• (c) training a machine learning system to generate a classifier using a plurality of parameters for inputs on a cohort population comprising a group of cancer patients and a group of non-cancer individuals using a machine learning algorithm selected from the group consisting of Generalized Linear Model (GLM), Gradient Boosting Machine (GBM), Random Forest (RF), and Support Vector Machine (SVM), wherein the plurality of parameters comprises the level of the panel of biomarkers and at least one clinical parameter;
• (d) determining a cancer predicting score of the subject by applying the classifier obtained in step (c) to the quantified level of the panel of biomarkers obtained in step (b) together with the at least one clinical parameter of the subject;
• (e) performing an Outlier Analysis by:
• (i) determining a cut-off value for each biomarker in the panel of biomarkers in step (b), wherein the cut-off value for a biomarker represents an abnormal high level of the biomarker in non-cancer individuals,
• (ii) comparing the quantified level of each biomarker in step (b) with the corresponding cut-off value, wherein:
• if any of the quantified level of the panel of biomarkers in step (b) is higher than the corresponding cut-off value, assigning a cancer predicting score to the subject that indicates the subject has cancer;
• and
• if none of the quantified level of the panel of biomarkers in step (b) is higher than the corresponding cut-off value, assigning the cancer predicting score obtained in step (d) to the subject, wherein the cancer predicting score obtained in step (d) is an indicator of whether the subject has cancer
• (f) determining that the subject has cancer;
• and
• (g) treating the subject with a cancer therapy, wherein the subject has lung cancer, breast cancer, colorectal cancer, stomach cancer, liver cancer, cervical cancer, esophageal cancer, pancreatic cancer, ovarian cancer, or lymphoma;
• wherein the cancer therapy comprises surgery or chemotherapy.