Additive for liquid fuels, fuel compositions based on the additive, and methods of manufacture

A method comprising:

• generating a non-equilibrium plasma within a reactor chamber using high-voltage pulsed electrical discharges between electrodes connected to an alternating current source with a voltage in a range of 2 kV to 100 kV, a current in a range of 1 mA to 2 A, and a pulse repetition frequency in a range of 2 kHz to 200 kHz;
• applying the non-equilibrium plasma to a substance within the reactor chamber to create a material containing a plurality of multi-layer carbon-based nanoparticles, the substance comprising at least one carbon-containing gas and/or at least one liquid containing hydrocarbons and/or an organometallic, metal-complex compound and/or at least one element-organic compound.

A method comprising:

• generating a non-equilibrium plasma within a reactor chamber using high-voltage pulsed electrical discharges between electrodes connected to an alternating current source with a voltage in a range of 2 kV to 100 kV, a current in a range of 1 mA to 2 A, and a pulse repetition frequency in a range of 2 kHz to 200 kHz;
• and
• applying the non-equilibrium plasma to a substance within the reactor chamber to create a material containing a plurality of multi-layer carbon-based nanoparticles, the substance comprising at least one carbon-containing gas and/or at least one liquid containing hydrocarbons.