Antenna element

An antenna element comprising:

• an insulation substrate;
• a first planar ground conductor layer;
• a first radiation conductor layer;
• and
• a first ground conductor;
• wherein
• the first planar ground conductor layer is connected to a ground potential and is on the insulation substrate;
• the first radiation conductor layer is operable to radiate and/or receive first high-frequency signals;
• the first radiation conductor layer is in or on the insulation substrate and above the first planar ground conductor layer;
• a lower principal surface of the first radiation conductor layer overlaps an upper principal surface of the first planar ground conductor layer as viewed in an up-down direction;
• the first ground conductor is in the insulation substrate and connected to the ground potential;
• an upper end of the first ground conductor is above the first radiation conductor layer;
• the first ground conductor layer is spaced away from the first radiation conductor layer as viewed in the up-down direction;
• and
• no conductor is present between the first ground conductor and the first radiation conductor layer except for a conductor through which the first high-frequency signals are transmitted and a conductor connected to the ground potential.