Battery measurement

An apparatus comprising:

• a measurement arrangement comprising an impedance measurement assembly, wherein the impedance measurement assembly comprises a controller and an adjustable load, wherein
• the measurement arrangement is configured to determine a respective impedance curve for a plurality of cells extracted from a plurality of rechargeable batteries, wherein each impedance curve is descriptive of an internal impedance of the respective cell as a function of frequency over a predefined frequency range, wherein the apparatus is arranged to carry out the following to derive the internal impedance of the respective cell:
• set, by the controller, an impedance of the adjustable load coupled between terminals of the respective cell between two or more predefined values according to a multi-frequency pseudo-random pulse sequence (PRPS) that represents a plurality of frequency components at a predefined frequency resolution within the predefined frequency range and that defines switching between said two or more predefined values as a function of time, and
• derive, by the controller, the internal impedance of the respective cell over the predefined frequency range based on a voltage across the terminals of the respective cell and an electric current supplied to the adjustable load as a function of time;
• determine, by the impedance measurement assembly, for each of the plurality of cells, respective one or more impedance characteristics based on the impedance curve determined for the respective cell, wherein said one or more impedance characteristics for a given cell comprise an indication of the number of partially circular segments appearing in a complex-plane representation of the impedance curve determined for the respective cell and respective frequency sub-ranges within which said partially circular segments appear;
• sort, by the controller, the plurality of cells into one of a first quality class or a second quality class in accordance with the one or more impedance characteristics determined for the plurality of cells;
• and
• select, by the controller, a set of the plurality of cells sorted into the first quality class for one or more batteries,
• wherein said sorting comprises at least one of the following:
• applying one or more qualification criteria, comprising assigning a cell into a first cell quality class in response to the one or more impedance characteristics derived for the respective cell meeting the one or more qualification criteria and assigning the cell into the second cell quality class in response to said one or more impedance characteristics failing to meet the one or more qualification criteria;
• applying one or more disqualification criteria, comprising assigning a cell into the first cell quality class in response to the one or more impedance characteristics derived for the respective cell failing to meet the one or more disqualification criteria and assigning the cell into the second cell quality class in response to said one or more impedance characteristics meeting the one or more disqualification criteria.

A method comprising:

• determining, by a measurement arrangement comprising an impedance measurement assembly, a respective impedance curve for a plurality of cells extracted from a plurality of rechargeable batteries, wherein the impedance measurement assembly comprises a controller and an adjustable load, wherein each impedance curve is descriptive of an internal impedance of the respective cell as a function of frequency over a predefined frequency range, derived via the following procedure:
• setting, by the controller, an impedance of the adjustable load coupled between terminals of the respective cell between two or more predefined values according to a multi-frequency pseudo-random pulse sequence (PRPS) that represents a plurality of frequency components at a predefined frequency resolution within the predefined frequency range and that defines switching between said two or more predefined values as a function of time, and
• deriving, by the controller, the internal impedance of the respective cell over the predefined frequency range based on a voltage across the terminals of the respective cell and an electric current supplied to the adjustable load as a function of time;
• determining, by the impedance measurement assembly, for each of the plurality of cells, respective one or more impedance characteristics based on the impedance curve determined for the respective cell, wherein said one or more impedance characteristics for a given cell comprise the following:
• an indication of the number of partially circular segments appearing in a complex-plane representation of the impedance curve determined for the respective cell and respective frequency sub-ranges within which said partially circular segments appear, and
• an indication of one of presence or absence of an elevated imaginary part in a complex-plane representation of the impedance curve determined for the respective cell at frequencies below a threshold frequency;
• sorting, by the controller or a computing apparatus operably coupled to the measurement arrangement, the plurality of cells into one of a first quality class or a second quality class in accordance with the one or more impedance characteristics determined for the plurality of cells, wherein said sorting comprises assigning the respective cell into the first cell quality class in response to determining absence of said elevated imaginary part and assigning the respective cell into the second cell quality class in response to determining presence of said elevated imaginary part;
• and
• selecting, by the controller or the computing apparatus operably coupled to the measurement arrangement, a set of the plurality of cells sorted into the first quality class for one or more batteries.

A method comprising:

• determining, by a measurement arrangement comprising an impedance measurement assembly, a respective impedance curve for a plurality of cells extracted from a plurality of rechargeable batteries, wherein the impedance measurement assembly comprises a controller and an adjustable load, wherein each impedance curve is descriptive of an internal impedance of the respective cell as a function of frequency over a predefined frequency range, derived via the following procedure:
• setting, by the controller, an impedance of the adjustable load coupled between terminals of the respective cell between two or more predefined values according to a multi-frequency pseudo-random pulse sequence (PRPS) that represents a plurality of frequency components at a predefined frequency resolution within the predefined frequency range and that defines switching between said two or more predefined values as a function of time, and
• deriving, by the controller, the internal impedance of the respective cell over the predefined frequency range based on a voltage across the terminals of the respective cell and an electric current supplied to the adjustable load as a function of time;
• determining, by the impedance measurement assembly, for each of the plurality of cells, respective one or more impedance characteristics based on the impedance curve determined for the respective cell, wherein said one or more impedance characteristics for a given cell comprise an indication of the number of partially circular segments appearing in a complex-plane representation of the impedance curve determined for the respective cell and respective frequency sub-ranges within which said partially circular segments appear;
• sorting, by the controller or a computing apparatus operably coupled to the measurement arrangement, the plurality of cells into one of a first quality class or a second quality class in accordance with the one or more impedance characteristics determined for the plurality of cells and further assigning those cells that are assigned into the first cell quality class into one of two or more cell quality sub-classes in accordance with the one or more impedance characteristics determined for the plurality of cells in consideration of respective one or more reference impedance characteristics that represent a reference impedance curve, wherein said further assigning comprising
• assigning a cell into a first cell quality sub-class in response to differences between the one or more impedance characteristics determined for the respective cell and the respective one or more reference impedance characteristics meeting one or more cell classification criteria, and
• assigning a cell into another cell quality sub-class in response to differences between the one or more impedance characteristics determined for the respective cell and the respective one or more reference impedance characteristics failing to meet the one or more cell classification criteria;
• and
• selecting, by the controller or the computing apparatus operably coupled to the measurement arrangement, a set of the plurality of cells sorted into the first quality class for one or more batteries.

A method comprising:

• determining, by a measurement arrangement comprising an impedance measurement assembly, a respective impedance curve for a plurality of cells extracted from a plurality of rechargeable batteries, wherein the impedance measurement assembly comprises a controller and an adjustable load, wherein each impedance curve is descriptive of an internal impedance of the respective cell as a function of frequency over a predefined frequency range, derived via the following procedure:
• setting, by the controller, an impedance of the adjustable load coupled between terminals of the respective cell between two or more predefined values according to a multi-frequency pseudo-random pulse sequence (PRPS) that represents a plurality of frequency components at a predefined frequency resolution within the predefined frequency range and that defines switching between said two or more predefined values as a function of time, and
• deriving, by the controller, the internal impedance of the respective cell over the predefined frequency range based on a voltage across the terminals of the respective cell and an electric current supplied to the adjustable load as a function of time;
• determining, by the impedance measurement assembly, for each of the plurality of cells, respective one or more impedance characteristics based on the impedance curve determined for the respective cell, wherein said one or more impedance characteristics for a given cell comprise an indication of the number of partially circular segments appearing in a complex-plane representation of the impedance curve determined for the respective cell and respective frequency sub-ranges within which said partially circular segments appear;
• sorting, by the controller or a computing apparatus operably coupled to the measurement arrangement, the plurality of cells into one of a first quality class or a second quality class in accordance with the one or more impedance characteristics determined for the plurality of cells and further assigning those cells that are assigned into the first cell quality class into one of two or more cell quality sub-classes in accordance with the one or more impedance characteristics determined for the plurality of cells in consideration of respective one or more reference impedance characteristics that represent a reference impedance curve;
• and
• selecting, by the controller or the computing apparatus operably coupled to the measurement arrangement, a set of the plurality of cells sorted into the first quality class for one or more batteries,
• wherein the one or more impedance characteristics further comprise at least one of the following:
• frequencies at which local minima of the impedance appear,
• frequencies at which local maxima of the impedance appear,
• respective minima of resistance within one or more frequency sub-ranges,
• respective maxima of resistance within one or more frequency sub-ranges,
• respective minima of reactance within one or more frequency sub-ranges,
• respective maxima of reactance within one or more frequency sub-ranges,
• impedance as a function of frequency,
• an overall shape of a complex-plane representation of the impedance curve,
• respective diameters of partially circular segments in the complex-plane representation of the impedance curve.