Fourier analysis spectroscopy for monitoring tissue impedance changes and treatment outcome during electroporation-based-therapies

A method for monitoring administration of electrical pulses comprising:

• administering high-voltage bursts of electrical pulses to a material or a tissue using a high-frequency irreversible electroporation burst scheme;
• obtaining a reference impedance measurement or spectrum relating to the material or tissue;
• identifying any change in impedance, at a frequency in the range of 18.3 kHz to 2 MHZ, relative to the reference impedance measurement or spectrum;
• monitoring tissue response to the administering by monitoring high-voltage inter-pulse, intra-pulse, intra-burst, and/or inter-burst impedance by capturing voltage and current and performing discrete Fourier transform analysis to determine if a desired endpoint is reached as indicated by the change in impedance;
• and
• adjusting one or more parameters of, stopping, halting, and/or continuing the administering based on the monitoring;
• wherein the high-frequency irreversible electroporation burst scheme comprises pulse widths and intra-phase delays ranging from 0.1 μs to 10 ms and inter-pulse delays ranging from 0.1 μs to 1 s.