Nicotinyl riboside compounds and their uses

A method of increasing cytoprotection in a peripheral blood mononuclear, kidney or liver cells or tissue of a subject, comprising administering to the subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula (V) or Formula (VI):

• or pharmaceutically acceptable salts and a therapeutically effective amount of a poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitor or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, wherein:
• Y and Z are —OH or —NH2;
• X− is fluoride, chloride, bromide, iodide, nitrate, sulfate, sulfite, phosphate, bicarbonate, carbonate, thiocyanate, formate, acetate, trifluoroacetate, glycolate, lactate, gluconate, ascorbate, benzoate, oxalate, malonate, succinate, citrate, methanesulfonate, ethanesulfonate, propanesulfonate, benzenesulfonate, p-toluenesulfonate or trifluoromethanesulfonate;
• and the therapeutically effective amount of the poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitor is not more than 10% of the therapeutically effective amount of the poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitor used in chemotherapy.