Solar cell and photovoltaic module

A solar cell, comprising:

• a substrate having electrode regions and non-electrode regions, wherein the electrode regions are arranged alternatingly with the non-electrode regions, wherein the electrode regions have surface roughness less than surface roughness of the non-electrode regions;
• a first tunneling dielectric layer having portions formed over the electrode regions, respectively;
• a first doped conductive layer formed over the first tunneling dielectric layer;
• a passivation layer formed over the non-electrode regions and the first doped conductive layer;
• and
• at least one first electrode formed over respective ones of the electrode regions, wherein a respective first electrode of the plurality of first electrodes includes a respective connecting electrode formed over a respective electrode region of the electrode regions and a plurality of spot electrodes arranged at intervals along a second direction, the plurality of spot electrodes are arranged below at least an upper portion of the connecting electrode and connected to the connecting electrode, the plurality of spot electrodes penetrate the passivation layer to be in contact with the first doped conductive layer, and the connecting electrode includes at least one material that is different from a material included in the plurality of spot electrodes.