Molecular doping enabled scalable blading of efficient hole transport layer-free perovskite solar cells

A method of forming a photoactive device containing a single photoactive layer, the method comprising steps of:

• forming the single photoactive layer, the photoactive layer comprising a perovskite material and a dopant;
• wherein the step of forming comprises coating a perovskite-dopant solution onto a receiving surface of a substrate;
• wherein the perovskite-dopant solution comprises at least a perovskite ink and a dopant;
• wherein the perovskite-dopant solution comprises one or more additives;
• wherein the photoactive layer comprises crystalline grains characterized by an average physical dimension selected from the range of 1000 nm to 2000 nm;
• wherein a concentration of the dopant in the photoactive layer is selected from the range of 0.01 wt. % to 0.05 wt. %;
• wherein the dopant is a p-type dopant;
• wherein the one or more additives comprise methylammonium hypophosphite (MHP) having a concentration in the solution selected from the range of 0.01 wt. % to 10 wt. %.;
• wherein the step of forming comprises doping the perovskite material with the dopant by solid diffusion;
• wherein doping by solid diffusion comprises providing a perovskite material free of the dopant in proximity with a solid dopant material and allowing the solid dopant material to diffuse into the perovskite material;
• wherein the photoactive device comprises a positive electrode and a negative electrode;
• wherein said photoactive layer is in electronic communication with the positive electrode and in electronic communication with the negative electrode;
• wherein the photoactive device is free of a hole transport layer between the photoactive layer and the positive electrode;
• wherein the photoactive device comprises an electron transport layer between the photoactive layer and the negative electrode;
• and
• wherein the photoactive device does not contain multiple photoactive layers, and the single photoactive layer is in contact with the electron transport layer.