Cryptographic enforcement of borrow checking

A method comprising:

• allocating an object in a memory and setting an ownership identifier (ID) in the allocated object, the allocated object being associated with a first variable in a program;
• setting a matching ownership ID in a pointer to the allocated object;
• when the allocated object is accessed during execution of the program by a processor, generating an exception when the ownership ID in the allocated object does not match the ownership ID in the pointer, and continuing execution of the program when the ownership ID in the allocated object does match the ownership ID in the pointer;
• when the allocated object is associated with a second variable in the program, updating the ownership ID in the allocated object and setting a matching updated ownership ID in the pointer to the allocated object;
• and
• when the allocated object is accessed during execution of the program, generating an exception when the ownership ID in the allocated object does not match the ownership ID in the pointer, and continuing execution of the program when the ownership ID in the allocated object does match the ownership ID in the pointer.

At least one non-transitory machine-readable storage medium comprising instructions that, when executed, cause a processor to at least:

• allocate an object in a memory and set an ownership identifier (ID) in the allocated object, the allocated object being associated with a first variable in a program;
• set a matching ownership ID in a pointer to the allocated object;
• when the allocated object is accessed during execution of the program, generate an exception when the ownership ID in the allocated object does not match the ownership ID in the pointer, and continue execution of the program when the ownership ID in the allocated object does match the ownership ID in the pointer;
• when the allocated object is associated with a second variable in the program, update the ownership ID in the allocated object and set a matching updated ownership ID in the pointer to the allocated object;
• and
• when the allocated object is accessed during execution of the program, generate an exception when the ownership ID in the allocated object does not match the ownership ID in the pointer, and continue execution of the program when the ownership ID in the allocated object does match the ownership ID in the pointer.