Electric vehicle recharging circuit

An electric vehicle recharging circuit for charging a lithium ion rechargeable battery, comprising:

• a first DC voltage source selected from the group consisting of a fuel cell, a solar cell, a wind cell, a solar cell array, a solar generator, a thermoelectric generator, an electromagnetic generator, an alternating-current (AC)/direct current (DC) converter and a DC/DC converter;
• a bus capacitor Cbus connected in parallel with the first DC voltage source;
• an H-bridge circuit connected in parallel with the first DC voltage source and the bus capacitor Cbus, wherein the H-bridge circuit comprises an output terminal and four transistor switches, wherein each transistor switch includes a gate contact;
• a rechargeable battery comprising a positive terminal and a negative terminal, wherein the positive terminal is connected to the output terminal of the H-bridge circuit;
• a second DC voltage source connected to the positive terminal of the rechargeable battery, wherein the second DC voltage source is a lead battery;
• an impedance meter connected to the negative terminal of the rechargeable battery, wherein the impedance meter is configured to measure an internal impedance of the rechargeable battery;
• a microcontroller connected to the impedance meter and to each gate contact, wherein the microcontroller includes circuitry and program instructions and one or more processors configured to execute the program instructions to:
• generate a set of drive signals based on the internal impedance of the rechargeable battery;
• transmit the drive signals to the gates of the four semiconductor switches, wherein the set of drive signals is configured to generate a sinusoidal with ripple current at the output terminal of the H-bridge circuit;
• perform an autosearch algorithm to identify a frequency of the sinusoidal with ripple current at which the rechargeable battery has a minimum internal impedance by iteratively incrementing the frequency by a frequency step size which has an initial large value which is decreased after each iteration by dividing the frequency step size by two;
• after each iteration, measure, by the impedance meter, the internal impedance of the battery;
• calculate a phase value of the internal impedance after each iteration;
• compare the phase value at each step of the iteration to a phase error threshold ε;
• when the phase value is less than the phase error threshold ε, identify the frequency as a minimum frequency at which an imaginary part of the battery impedance is zero;
• when the phase value is greater than the phase error threshold ε, iteratively increment the frequency by incrementing a previous frequency fk−1 by an amount given by:
• −α(512/2N), where α is a sign of the phase value, and N is a number of the sign changes in the phase value from k equals one to k equals k−1, where k equals an iteration number, where N equals zero at k equals one until the phase value is less than the phase error threshold ε, and identify the minimum frequency;
• adjust the drive signals to generate the sinusoidal with ripple current at the minimum frequency;
• transmit the adjusted drive signals to the gates of each of the four transistor switches;
• inject the sinusoidal with ripple current at the minimum frequency into the rechargeable battery;
• and
• recharge the battery with the sinusoidal with ripple current at the minimum frequency.