Biomarkers and methods for diagnosing and evaluating traumatic brain injury

A method comprising:

• (A) measuring or detecting a level of at least one biomarker in a biological sample obtained from a subject wherein:
• (i) the at least one biomarker comprises Aldehyde Dehydrogenase 9 Family Member A1 (AL9A1), and measuring or detecting the level of AL9A1 determines whether the subject has sustained a mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) of any of subclasses 1, 2, 3, or 4, wherein the subject is determined to have a mTBI when the level of AL9A1 is lower compared to a level of AL9A1 obtained from a healthy subject;
• (ii) the at least one biomarker comprises Dynamin 1 Like (DNM1L), and measuring or detecting the level of DNM1L determines whether the subject has sustained an mTBI of any of subclasses 1, 2, 3, or 4, wherein the subject is determined to have a mTBI when the level of DNM1L is higher compared to a level of DNM1L obtained from a healthy subject;
• (iii) the at least one biomarker comprises Tripeptidyl Peptidase 2 (TPP2), and measuring or detecting the level of TPP2 determines whether the subject has sustained a mTBI of any of subclasses 2, 3, or 4, wherein the subject is determined to have a mTBI when the level of TPP2 is lower compared to a level of TPP2 obtained from a healthy subject;
• or
• (iv) the at least one biomarker comprises Keratin 2 (K22E), and measuring or detecting the level of K22E determines whether the subject has sustained a mTBI of any of subclasses 1, 2, or 4, wherein the subject is determined to have a mTBI when the level of K22E is higher compared to a level of AL9A1 obtained from a healthy subject;
• and
• (B) treating the subject for a mTBI, wherein treating the subject for a mTBI comprises:
• treatment (i) with rest;
• (ii) by abstaining from physical activities;
• (iii) by avoiding light;
• (iv) by wearing protective eyewear when in light;
• (v) with one or more therapeutic agents selected from the group consisting of a medication for relief of a headache or migraine, and an anti-nausea medication, or combinations thereof;
• or (vi) with any combination of (i)-(v).