Antenna modules in phased array antennas

An antenna module comprising:

• an antenna element having a first side and a second side opposite the first side, the first side comprising a radiating side of the antenna element;
• a plurality of spacer structures configured to be physically and electrically coupleable with a printed circuit board (PCB) of a receiver or a transmitter, wherein at least a subset of the plurality of spacer structures define a cavity, and wherein a particular spacer structure of the plurality of spacer structures comprises an electrical connection between the PCB and the antenna module when the plurality of spacer structures is physically coupled with the PCB;
• a first electrical component comprising an amplifier located within the cavity and electrically coupled with the antenna element;
• and
• a second electrical component located within the cavity and electrically coupled between the first electrical component and the particular spacer structure.

An antenna module included in a phased array antenna, the antenna module comprising:

• an antenna element having a radiating side;
• a plurality of spacer structures configured to be physically and electrically coupleable with a printed circuit board (PCB) of a receiver or a transmitter, wherein at least a subset of the plurality of spacer structures define a cavity, wherein a particular spacer structure of the plurality of spacer structures comprises an electrical coupling structure between the PCB and the antenna element, and wherein the plurality of spacer structures is disposed between the antenna element and the PCB;
• first and second electrical components located within the cavity;
• and
• a via electrically coupled between the antenna element and at least one of the first or second electrical components,
• wherein the via, the first and second electrical components, and the particular spacer structure define a signal path between the antenna element and the PCB, and wherein one or more of the antenna element, the first electrical component, the second electrical component, or the via is configured in one or more layers of laminate or prepreg material having a loss tangent of less than 0.003.