Carbonaceous materials for lithium-sulfur batteries

A composition of matter including a plurality of pores, the composition of matter comprising:

• a plurality of non-tri-zone particles;
• a plurality of tri-zone particles, each tri-zone particle including:
• a plurality of carbon fragments intertwined with each other and separated from one another by mesopores;
• and
• a deformable perimeter configured to coalesce with one or more adjacent non-tri-zone particles or tri-zone particles;
• a plurality of aggregates, each aggregate including a multitude of the tri-zone particles joined together, each aggregate having a principal dimension in a range between 10 nanometers (nm) and 10 micrometers (μm);
• a plurality of mesopores interspersed throughout the plurality of aggregates, each mesopore having a principal dimension between 3.3 nanometers (nm) and 19.3 nm;
• a plurality of agglomerates, each agglomerate including a multitude of the aggregates joined to each other, each agglomerate having a principal dimension in an approximate range between 0.1 μm and 1,000 μm;
• and
• a plurality of macropores interspersed throughout the plurality of aggregates, each macropore having a principal dimension between 0.1 μm and 1,000 μm.