Vapor cells having stacks of layers defining target three-dimensional volumes for internal cavities

A method of manufacturing a vapor cell, the method comprising:

• obtaining a stack of layers bonded to each other and comprising:
• a first end layer formed of a first type of dielectric material that is optically transparent,
• intermediate layers formed of dielectric material and extending in sequence from a first intermediate layer to a last intermediate layer, wherein:
• the first intermediate layer is bonded to the first end layer,
• an internal cavity extends through the intermediate layers and comprises an opening defined by a surface of the last intermediate layer, and
• each intermediate layer comprises a through-hole that defines a portion of the internal cavity through the intermediate layer;
• and
• disposing a vapor or a source of the vapor into the internal cavity;
• and
• bonding a second end layer of the stack of layers to the last intermediate layer to seal the vapor or the source of the vapor in the internal cavity, the second end layer formed of dielectric material;
• wherein the stack of layers, when comprising the bonded second end layer, defines a body of the vapor cell, the first end layer at a first end of the body and the second end layer at a second, opposite end of the body.