Solid-gap multilayers for thermal insulation and management

A multilayer structure comprising two or more solid layers, wherein each solid layer is separated from an adjacent solid layer by a gap, such that the multilayer structure comprises an alternating pattern of solid layers and gaps, and wherein the two or more solid layers are pre-stressed,

• wherein the solid layers are electrified, magnetized, or electrified and magnetized;
• wherein electrified layers are electrified via corona charging, thermal charging, space charging, grafting of charged components, adsorption of charged components, absorption of charged components, blending of charged components, mixing of charged components, embedding of charged components, heat charging, glow discharging, plasma treating, or combinations thereof;
• and wherein magnetized layers are magnetized via embedding, grafting, blending, mixing, attaching, adhering, adsorption, or absorption of magnetized components, or combinations thereof;
• wherein the electrified layers have a non-uniform electric field distribution or a non-uniform magnetic field distribution along a surface of a layer in a planar direction, along a thickness of a layer in a transverse direction, or both;
• wherein the non-uniform electric field distribution or the non-uniform magnetic field distribution comprises dotted, stripped, curved, straight, circular, star-shaped, mesh-like, oval, rectangle, square, hexagonal, or irregular shapes, or combinations thereof.