Apparatus for temperature modulation of samples

A temperature modulation apparatus, comprising:

• a metallic sample block having a first surface and a second surface disposed opposite the first surface, wherein the first surface has one or more wells formed therein;
• a plurality of thermoelectric modules coupled to the second surface of the sample block, wherein each thermoelectric module of the plurality of thermoelectric modules is coupled to a different region of the second surface;
• a cooling block coupled to the plurality of thermoelectric modules opposite the sample block;
• a first insulation material coupled to the plurality of thermoelectric modules;
• and
• a second insulation material comprising an adhesive film and a reflective material, the second insulation material disposed radially outward of the sample block, the first insulation material, and the cooling block.

A temperature modulation apparatus, comprising:

• an aluminum sample block;
• an aluminum cooling block;
• a plurality of thermoelectric modules disposed in a stacked arrangement and positioned between the sample block and the cooling block, wherein a metal containing ceramic paste is disposed between each of the plurality of thermoelectric modules;
• a first insulation material coupled to the plurality of thermoelectric modules, the first insulation material comprising:
• an adhesive coupled to a first surface of the first insulation material;
• and
• a thermally reflective material coupled to a second surface of the first insulation material;
• a second insulation material comprising an adhesive film and a reflective material, the second insulation material surrounding the sample block and the plurality of thermoelectric modules;
• a housing surrounding the second insulation material;
• and
• a proportional-integrative-derivative controller in electrical communication with the plurality of thermoelectric modules, wherein the proportional-integrative-derivative controller is disposed outside of the housing.