Developer carrying member, process cartridge, and electrophotographic apparatus

A developer carrying member comprising a base member, an elastic layer on the base member, and a surface layer on the elastic layer, wherein the surface layer includes a urethane resin,

• the urethane resin has a carbonate bond in a molecule thereof, and has a moiety derived from a reaction between a compound represented by Structural formula (2) below and polyisocyanate:
• [In Structural formula (2), R15 represents a linear or branched alkylene group having 2 or more and 4 or less carbon atoms, n is an integer of 0 or more and 4 or less;
• when n is 2 or more and 4 or less, a plurality of R15 are each independently defined as above,
• when n is 0, R11 to R13 are each independently selected from (a2), (b), (c), and (d) below,
• R11 to R14 in a case where n is 1 and R11 to R13 and a plurality of R14 in a case where n is 2 or more and 4 or less are each independently selected from (a1), (a2), (b), (c), and (d) below,
• provided that, when n is 1, R11 to R14 are each selected from (b) to (d) below,
• when n is 2 or more and 4 or less, at least four of R11 to R13 and two to four R14 are selected from (b) to (d) below:
• (a1) a hydrogen atom
• (a2) a linear or branched alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms;
• (b) a linear or branched hydroxyalkyl group having 1 or more and 8 or less carbon atoms;
• (c) a linear or branched aminoalkyl group having 2 or more and 8 or less carbon atoms;
• and
• (d) a group represented by Structural formula (3) below:
• [in Structural formula (3), m is 2 or 3, and a plurality of R21 each independently represent a linear or branched alkylene group having 2 or more and 5 or less carbon atoms]].

An electrophotographic apparatus at least comprising:

• an electrophotographic photoconductor;
• a charging member disposed so as to be configured to charge the electrophotographic photoconductor;
• and
• a developer carrying member supplying toner to the electrophotographic photoconductor,
• wherein the developer carrying member comprises a base member and a surface layer,
• wherein the surface layer includes a urethane resin, and
• the urethane resin has a carbonate bond and includes a tertiary amine structure.