Hard X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy arrangement and system

A hard X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (HAXPES) system, in particular a laboratory-based system, comprising:

• an X-ray tube providing a beam of photons, which via an X-ray monochromator is directed through the system so as to excite electrons from an illuminated sample,
• the X-ray tube being functionally connected to a monochromator vacuum chamber in which a crystal is configured to monochromatize and focus the beam onto the sample,
• the monochromator vacuum chamber is connected to an analysis vacuum chamber via a flexible vacuum bellow, which is fixed to both vacuum chambers, the flexibility of the bellow allowing alignment of the monochromatized and focused beam,
• the illuminated sample being mounted on a manipulator, movable in at least one direction to allow for measurements at different sample angles, inside the analysis vacuum chamber,
• the analysis vacuum chamber being connected to an electron energy analyser, which is mounted onto the analysis vacuum chamber, wherein
• a gap is provided between the X-ray tube and the monochromator vacuum chamber, wherein the gap is provided with a first radiation trap to shield the ambient from the radiation when the gap is illuminated with X-rays from the X-ray tube, and
• wherein the flexible vacuum bellow, allowing precise alignment of the monochromated and focused beam, is provided with a second radiation trap to shield the ambient from the radiation when the flexible vacuum bellow, or the material surrounding it, is illuminated with X-rays from the X-ray tube.