Systems, devices and methods for galvanic vestibular stimulation having an envelope modulation

A galvanic vestibular stimulation (GVS) device, comprising:

• first and second earpieces configured to be insertable into respective ear canals of a subject, each of the first and second earpieces comprising a respective one of first and second electrodes;
• first and second thermoelectric devices thermally coupled to the first and second earpieces, respectively;
• first and second heat sinks thermally coupled to the first and second thermoelectric devices respectively and opposite the respective one of the first and second earpieces;
• and
• a controller comprising a waveform generator that is configured to deliver a modulated electrical signal to the subject through GVS via transdermal electrical stimulation through the first and second electrodes, the modulated electrical signal comprising an amplitude and a carrier frequency, at least one of the amplitude and the carrier frequency being modulated based on a modulation waveform to modulate an electrical signal, the modulation waveform comprising a modulation frequency that is less than the carrier frequency, wherein the carrier frequency is at least about 3 kHz,
• wherein the controller is configured to generate a first control signal to control a first time varying thermal waveform output from the first thermoelectric device and a second control signal to control a second time varying thermal waveform output from the second thermoelectric device to provide caloric vestibular stimulation (CVS) to the subject based on the first and second control signals and via the first and second thermoelectric devices.