High efficiency photovoltaic cells and manufacturing thereof

A photovoltaic cell comprising:

• a substrate of one material having a top surface and a bottom surface;
• an absorption layer;
• wherein said absorption layer comprises:
• at least one pn junction, wherein the at least one pn junction comprises at least one first electric material of p or n type, and;
• at least one second electric material of opposite type to the at least one first electric material;
• a pair of electrodes, and;
• an antireflective layer or an antireflective front sheet;
• wherein the antireflective layer or the antireflective front sheet comprises three-dimensional geometric pattern,
• wherein the three-dimensional geometric pattern comprising:
• an array of quintic, or quintic-like, or truncated quintic, or truncated quintic-like, or the combination thereof, shaped nano-scaled or micrometer-scaled protruding structures;
• a reflection layer or back sheet;
• wherein the top surface of the substrate is flat or shaped as a plurality of protruding substrate members, wherein the pair of electrodes electrically connects to the at least one pn junction, wherein the antireflecting layer or the antireflective front sheet is directly physically attached to one of the pair of electrodes, wherein the reflection layer or back sheet is located on the bottom surface of the substrate, wherein the antireflecting layer or the antireflective front sheet with or without filling up is exposed to direct incoming light.