Belt, intermediate transfer belt, and image forming apparatus

A belt comprising:

• a first layer defining an outer peripheral surface of the belt;
• and
• a second layer arranged adjacent to the first layer,
• the first layer and the second layer including a polyimide-based resin,
• the first layer including carbon black particles,
• wherein a part of the carbon black particles which are exposed at the outer peripheral surface of the belt has a size of 5 nm or more and 150 nm or less,
• an area fraction of the part of the carbon black particles which are exposed at the outer peripheral surface of the belt to the outer peripheral surface of the belt is 2% or more and 35% or less,
• the belt includes 80 or more conducting points per square micrometer,
• the belt has a volume resistivity of 10 log Ω·cm or more, and
• Formulae (1) and (2) below are satisfied,
• ρs1≥10.9 log Ω/sq (1)
• 0<|ρs1−ρs2|≤0.3 (2)
• where ρs1 represents a surface resistivity of the outer peripheral surface of the belt, and ρs2 represents a surface resistivity of a surface of the belt which is opposite to the outer peripheral surface of the belt.

A belt comprising:

• a first layer defining an outer peripheral surface of the belt;
• and
• a second layer arranged adjacent to the first layer,
• the first layer and the second layer including a polyimide-based resin,
• the first layer including carbon black particles,
• wherein a part of the carbon black particles which are exposed at the outer peripheral surface of the belt has a size of 5-nm or more and 150 nm or less,
• an area fraction of the par of the carbon black particles which are exposed at the outer peripheral surface of the belt to the outer peripheral surface of the belt is 2% or more and 35% or less,
• the belt includes 80 or more conducting points per square micrometer,
• the belt has a volume resistivity of 10 log Ω·cm or more, and
• having a folding endurance number of 3,000 or more, the folding endurance number being measured by an MIT test using a clamp having a curvature radius R of 0.38 mm.