Partially and fully surface-enabled transition metal ion-exchanging energy storage devices

A partially or fully surface-enabled, metal ion-exchanging battery device comprising (a) a positive electrode (cathode), (b) a negative electrode (anode), (c) a porous separator disposed between said cathode and said anode, and (d) an electrolyte in physical contact with said cathode and said anode, wherein said electrolyte contains a transition metal ion that is exchanged between said cathode and said anode during an operation of said battery device;

• wherein at least one of said cathode and said anode contains therein a source of said metal ion prior to a first charge or a first discharge cycle of the battery device and at least the cathode comprises a functional material having a surface-borne metal ion-capturing functional group or a nanostructured material having a metal ion-storing surface in direct contact with said electrolyte to reversibly capture or store said metal ion during charge-discharge operations of said battery, wherein said nanostructured material comprises a nanostructured or porous disordered carbon material selected from a soft carbon, hard carbon, polymeric carbon or carbonized resin, mesophase carbon, coke, carbonized pitch, carbon black, activated carbon, partially graphitized carbon, and combinations thereof, wherein said transition metal ion is selected from scandium (Sc), titanium (Ti), vanadium (V), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), zinc (Zn), cadmium (Cd), and combinations thereof.

A partially or fully surface-enabled, metal ion-exchanging battery device comprising (a) a positive electrode (cathode), (b) a negative electrode (anode), (c) a porous separator disposed between said cathode and said anode, and (d) an electrolyte in physical contact with said cathode and said anode, wherein said electrolyte contains a transition metal ion that is exchanged between said cathode and said anode during an operation of said battery device;

• wherein at least one of said cathode and said anode comprises therein a source of said metal ion prior to a first charge or a first discharge cycle of the battery device and at least the cathode comprises a functional material having a surface-borne metal ion-capturing functional group or a nanostructured material having a metal ion-storing surface in direct contact with said electrolyte to reversibly capture or store said metal ion during charge-discharge operations of said battery device, wherein said functional material is selected from the group consisting of poly(2,5-dihydroxy-1,4-benzoquinone-3,6-methylene), LixC6O6, wherein 1≤x≤3, Li2(C6H2O4), Li2C8H4O4 (Li terephthalate), Li2C6H4O4(Li trans-trans-muconate), 3,4,9,10-perylenetetracarboxylicacid-dianhydride (PTCDA) sulfide polymer, PTCDA, 1,4,5,8-naphthalene-tetracarboxylicacid-dianhydride (NTCDA), benzene-1,2,4,5-tetracarboxylic dianhydride, 1,4,5,8-tetrahydroxy anthraquinon, tetrahydroxy-p-benzoquinone, and combinations thereof, and wherein said functional material is optionally combined with or optionally supported by a nanostructured material selected from nanographene, carbon nanotube, disordered carbon, nanographite, metal nanowire, conductive nanowire, carbon nanofiber, or polymeric nanofiber, wherein said transition metal ion is selected from scandium (Sc), titanium (Ti), vanadium (V), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), zinc (Zn), cadmium (Cd), and combinations thereof.