Electrochemical devices or systems comprising redox-functionalized electrodes and uses thereof

A method of increasing separation efficiency of a target molecule from a fluid source or increasing energy storage performance of an electrochemical device or system comprising:

• a. placing in a fluid source (i) a first electrode comprising a first solid substrate and a first redox species immobilized to the first solid substrate;
• and (ii) a second electrode comprising a second solid substrate and a second redox species immobilized to the solid second solid substrate, wherein the first redox species and the second redox species comprise chemically different metallocenes;
• and
• b. applying an electrical potential across the first electrode and the second electrode such that the first redox species transforms to an oxidized state and selectively binds to a target electron-donating functional group of a target molecule present in the fluid source and the second redox species undergoes a self-exchange reaction within the second electrode,
• thereby increasing the separation efficiency or energy storage performance of the electrochemical device or system by diverting at least a portion of electron transfer toward the self-exchange reaction of the second redox species and reducing electron transfer toward the fluid source.