Nanoporous materials, method of manufacture and methods of use

A coating method comprising:

• applying a first layer comprising porosity;
• applying a second layer to at least a portion of the first layer, the second layer comprising pores with a defined spacing, and being at least partially coupled to at least a portion of the first layer;
• coupling at least a portion of the first layer to a supply of at least one antifreeze material;
• and
• infusing at least at least a portion of the first layer with at least a portion of the at least one antifreeze material,
• wherein at least a portion of the second layer is rendered hydrophilic in the presence of absorbed moisture or phases of ice including at least one of frost, rime, or glaze, and
• wherein at least a portion of the first layer enables the antifreeze material to migrate through and out of the first layer into at least a portion of a hydrophilic region of the second layer, thereby enabling a temperature of nucleation of the phases of ice on the second layer to be reduced by at least 40° C.