Use of titanium nitride as a counter electrode

A nanopore-based sequencing system, comprising:

• a fluid chamber component;
• a titanium nitride (TiN) counter electrode configured to be at a first electric potential;
• and
• a sequencing chip comprising a plurality of nanopore cells, each nanopore cell comprising:
• a working electrode configured to be at a second electric potential;
• and
• an insulating wall, wherein the insulating wall and the working electrode form at least a portion of a well configured to contain an electrolyte at a voltage that is at least a portion of an electric potential difference between the first electric potential of the titanium nitride counter electrode and the second electric potential of the working electrode;
• and wherein the fluid chamber component comprises at least one flow channel that directs a fluid to traverse over different nanopore cells along a length of the at least one flow channel, and wherein the titanium nitride (TiN) counter electrode is located on a top surface inside the at least one flow channel, and wherein the titanium nitride (TiN) counter electrode substantially covers the top surface inside the at least one flow channel.