Tricyclic mosquitocides and methods of making and using thereof

A method of preventing the spread of mosquito-borne illnesses, comprising administering to a site or region containing one or more mosquitoes an effective amount of a composition comprising a compound having the formula:

• wherein
• X is O, S, CR10R11, SiR10R11, or NR10;
• Y is O, S, CR10R11;
• Z is O, S, CR10R11;
• R1-R11 are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, hydroxyl, cyano, nitro, halogen, NH2, SH, SR12, OR12, N(R12)2, OCON(R12)2, C(═O)R12, OC(═O)R12, C(═O)OR12, COOH, COO−M+, CONH2, CON(R12)2, C(═O)H, substituted or unsubstituted linear, branched, or cyclic alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl;
• substituted or unsubstituted linear, branched, or cyclic heteroalkyl, heteroalkenyl, or heteroalkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl, SOR12, SOOR12, SO3R12, SO4R12, NR12COR13, phosphoryl, sulfamoyl, and sulfonamido;
• wherein each occurrence of R12 or R13 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted linear, branched, or cyclic alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl;
• substituted or unsubstituted linear, branched, or cyclic heteroalkyl, heteroalkenyl, or heteroalkynyl, and substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl;
• wherein the dotted line represents a bond that is either present or absent;
• and
• wherein the compound is in an effective amount to inhibit digestion or nutrient processing in at least 40% of a population of blood-ingesting pests, reduce follicle size in female blood-ingesting pests compared to the follicle size when the pests are not exposed to the compound, or provide a lethal concentration against pest larvae, or a combination thereof, and
• wherein the compound is in a concentration of less than 0.25 mM.