Composite article having layer with co-continuous material regions

A composite article comprising:

• a substrate formed of a metal alloy or ceramic material;
• a protective layer on the substrate, the protective layer formed of a ceramic oxide;
• and
• an intermediate layer between, and in contact with each of, the protective layer and the substrate,
• the intermediate layer including a co-continuous microstructure first, second, and third materials of different compositions that occupy, respectively, first, second, and third distinct continuous regions in the co-continuous microstructure, the first, second, and third distinct district continuous regions being continuous with respect to extending continuously from the substrate to the protective layer,
• the second distinct continuous region is contiguous with each of the first distinct continuous region and the third distinct continuous region in the co-continuous microstructure and the first distinct continuous region is contiguous with the third distinct continuous region in the co-continuous microstructure,
• the first, second, and third distinct continuous regions are each individually amorphous in shape,
• and the first material and the substrate have equivalent compositions, the second material and the protective layer have equivalent ceramic oxide compositions, and the third material has a ceramic or metallic composition of different composition than the protective layer and the substrate.