Modification of surfaces for fluid and solid repellency

A method of preventing adhesion, adsorption, surface-mediated clot formation, or coagulation of a material onto a substrate, comprising

• providing a slippery surface comprising an anchoring layer, the anchoring layer comprising anchoring molecules having a head group attached to a substrate and a functional tail group directly or indirectly attached to the head group and crosslinking agents that crosslink the anchoring molecules to one another;
• and a lubricating layer comprising a lubricating liquid having an affinity for the functional tail group and disposed over the anchoring layer, wherein the slippery surface is omniphobic and substantially free of anchoring molecules not bound to the substrate, unreacted crosslinking agent, and reaction byproducts between the anchoring molecules and the crosslinking agent, and wherein the anchoring layer and the lubricating layer are held together by non-covalent attractive forces;
• and
• contacting a material that is immiscible with the lubricating layer to the slippery surface.

A method of making an article having a slippery surface, comprising:

• contacting a substrate with anchoring molecules having a head group that is reactive with the substrate and a functional tail group directly or indirectly attached to the head group to form an anchoring layer on the substrate;
• crosslinking the anchoring molecules to one another using a crosslinking agent;
• washing away anchoring molecules not bound to the substrate, unreacted crosslinking agent, and reaction byproducts between the anchoring molecules and the crosslinking agent;
• and
• contacting the anchoring layer with a lubricating liquid having an affinity for the functional tail group to form a lubricating layer disposed over the anchoring layer, wherein the anchoring layer and the lubricating layer are held together by non-covalent attractive forces,
• wherein the anchoring layer and the lubricating layer form a slippery surface configured and arranged for contact with a material that is immiscible with the lubricating liquid, and wherein the slippery surface is omniphobic.