Two-dimensional membrane structures having flow passages

A two-dimensional membrane layered structure comprising:

• a support substrate layer having a plurality of substrate passages configured to allow fluid to flow therethrough;
• a two-dimensional membrane layer disposed on an upper surface of the support substrate layer, the two-dimensional membrane layer having a plurality of pores configured to allow fluid to flow therethrough, and the plurality of pores comprising a first portion of pores that overlap with the plurality of substrate passages and a second portion of pores that do not overlap with the plurality of substrate passages;
• and
• a plurality of interlayer supports disposed on the upper surface of the support substrate layer,
• wherein the plurality of interlayer supports is configured to form a plurality of flow passages that allow fluid to flow through the second portion of pores to the plurality of substrate passages.

A two-dimensional membrane layered structure comprising:

• a support substrate layer having a plurality of substrate passages configured to allow fluid to flow therethrough;
• a two-dimensional membrane layer disposed on an upper surface of the support substrate layer, the two-dimensional membrane layer having a plurality of pores configured to allow fluid to flow therethrough, and the plurality of pores comprising a first portion of pores that overlap with the plurality of substrate passages and a second portion of pores that do not overlap with the plurality of substrate passages;
• and
• a plurality of grooves formed on the upper surface of the support substrate layer,
• wherein the plurality of grooves is configured to form a plurality of flow channels that allow permeate to flow through the second portion of pores to the plurality of substrate channels.

A two-dimensional membrane layered structure comprising:

• a support substrate layer having a plurality of substrate passages configured to allow fluid to flow therethrough;
• a two-dimensional membrane layer disposed on an upper surface of the support substrate layer, the two-dimensional membrane layer having a plurality of pores configured to allow fluid to flow therethrough, the plurality of pores comprising a first portion of pores that overlap with the plurality of substrate passages and a second portion of pores that do not overlap with the plurality of substrate passages;
• and
• a flow passage means for allowing fluid to flow through the second portion of pores to the plurality of substrate passages to increase overall pore utilization of the two-dimensional membrane layer.