Pyrazine derivatives and uses thereof in renal monitoring

A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of Formula I, wherein:

• each of X1 and X2 is independently —CO2R1, —CONR2R3, —CO(AA) or —CONH(PS);
• each of Y1 and Y2 is independently —NR4R5 or
• Z1 is a single bond, —CR18R19—, —O—, —NR20—, —NCOR21—, —S—, —SO—, or —SO2—;
• R1 is —CH2(CHOH)aR44, —CH2(CHOH)aCO2H, —(CHCO2H)aCO2H, —(CH2CH2O)cR49, —(CH2)aSO3H, —(CH2)aSO3−, —(CH2)aNHSO3H, —(CH2)aNHSO3−, —(CH2)aPO3H2, —(CH2)aPO3H−, or —(CH2)aPO3=;
• each of R44 and R49 is independently —H or —CH3;
• each of R2 to R5 and R18 to R21 is independently —H, —CH2(CHOH)aR44, —CH2(CHOH)aCO2H, —(CHCO2H)aCO2H, —(CH2CH2O)cR49, —(CH2)aSO3H, —(CH2)aSO3−, —(CH2)aNHSO3H, —(CH2)aNHSO3−, —(CH2)aPO3H2, —(CH2)aPO3H−, or —(CH2)aPO3=;
• each of R44 and R49 is independently —H or —CH3;
• (AA) comprises a single natural or unnatural amino acid or a polypeptide chain comprising two or more natural and/or unnatural amino acids linked together by peptide bonds, and each instance of AA may be the same or different than each other instance;
• (PS) is a sulfated or non-sulfated polysaccharide chain comprising one or more monosaccharide units connected by glycosidic linkages;
• and
• ‘a’ is an integer from 1 to 10, ‘c’ is an integer from 1 to 100, and each of ‘m’ and ‘n’ independently is an integer from 1 to 3.