Functionalized ionic liquid electrolytes for lithium ion batteries

An electrochemical device comprising:

• a cathode;
• an anode;
• and
• an electrolyte comprising:
• an ionic liquid represented as:
• and
• an aprotic gel polymer carrier/solvent and an electrode stabilizing additive, or both an aprotic gel polymer carrier/solvent, an electrode stabilizing additive;
• wherein:
• R is selected from the group consisting of —CH2Si(R″)2[OSi(R″)2]mO—Si(R″)3, —(R′)—(OCH2CH2)n—(OR″), a C3-C5 cyclic carbonate, a sulfolane, an oxalic borate group, a maleic anhydride group, a succinic anhydride group, and a C1-C6 alkyl group substituted with a substituent selected from an isocyanate, sulfone, sulfolane, —OCO2R″, C3-C5 cyclic carbonate, or oxalic borate group;
• R′ is a C1-4 alkylene group;
• R″ is an alkyl group;
• R1, R2, and R3 are independently at each occurrence alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, aralkyl, or heteroaralkyl, or any two of R1, R2, and R3 join together to form a C4-C5 cycloalkylene group;
• R4, R5, and R6 are independently at each occurrence H, alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, aralkyl, or heteroaralkyl;
• each X− independently comprises boron tetrafluoride, aluminate, bis(oxalato)borate, difluoro(oxalate)borate, phosphorus hexafluoride, alkyl sulfonate, fluoroalkyl sulfonate, aryl sulfonate, bis(alkylsulfonyl)amide, perchlorate, bis(fluoroalkylsulfonyl)amide, bis(arylsulfonyl)amide, alkyl fluorophosphate, (fluoroalkylsulfonyl)(fluoroalkylcarbonyl)amide, halide, nitrate, nitrite, sulfate, hydrogen sulfate, alkyl sulfate, aryl sulfate, carbonate, bicarbonate, perfluoroalkyl group substituted with carboxylate, phosphate, hydrogen phosphate, dihydrogen phosphate, hypochlorite, an anionic site of a cation-exchange resin, or a mixture of any two or more thereof;
• n is an integer from 1 to 4;
• and
• m is an integer from 0 to 10.