Electroconductive member for electrophotography, process cartridge, and electrophotographic apparatus

A process cartridge, which is removably mounted onto a main body of an electrophotographic apparatus, the process cartridge comprising an electroconductive member for electrophotography, comprising:

• an electroconductive support;
• and
• a surface layer on the electroconductive support,
• wherein the surface layer comprises a skeleton that is three-dimensionally continuous and a pore that communicates in a thickness direction,
• wherein, when any region measuring 150 μm per side of a surface of the surface layer is photographed and equally divided into 60 parts in a vertical direction and 60 parts in a horizontal direction to form 3,600 squares, a number of squares including through holes is 100 or less,
• wherein the skeleton is non-electroconductive, and
• wherein the skeleton comprises a plurality of particles connected to each other through a neck, and an average value D1 of circle-equivalent diameters of the particles is 0.1 μm or more and 20 μm or less.

An electrophotographic apparatus, comprising an electroconductive member for electrophotography, comprising:

• an electroconductive support;
• and
• a surface layer on the electroconductive support,
• wherein the surface layer comprises a skeleton that is three-dimensionally continuous and a pore that communicates in a thickness direction,
• wherein, when any region measuring 150 μm per side of a surface of the surface layer is photographed and equally divided into 60 parts in a vertical direction and 60 parts in a horizontal direction to form 3,600 squares, a number of squares including through holes is 100 or less,
• wherein the skeleton is non-electroconductive, and
• wherein the skeleton comprises a plurality of particles connected to each other through a neck, and an average value D1 of circle-equivalent diameters of the particles is 0.1 μm or more and 20 μm or less.