Biomarkers and diagnostic methods for Alzheimer's disease and other neurodegenerative disorders

A method of analyzing a sample from a subject comprising the steps of:

• (i) obtaining a biological sample comprising vesicles from a subject, (ii) isolating vesicles from the biological sample, and (iii) detecting one or more biomarkers from the isolated vesicles, wherein at least one of the one or more biomarkers is selected from the group consisting of Tau, phosphorylated Tau, beta-amyloid 1-42 (Aβ1-42), transactive response DNA binding protein 43 (TDP-43), α-synuclein, superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD-1), FUS RNA binding protein (FUS), FK506 binding protein 51 (FKBP51), insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS-1), phosphorylated IRS-1, cathepsin D (CTSD), lysosomal-associated membrane protein 1 (LAMP1), ubiquitinylated proteins (UBP), heat-shock protein 70 (HSP70), neuron specific enolase (NSE), and neurofilament light chain (NFL), wherein the biological sample is whole blood, serum, or plasma, and wherein the vesicles are selected from the group consisting of neuron-derived exosomes, astrocyte-derived exosomes, oliogodendrocyte-derived exosomes, and microglia-derived exosomes.