Scaffolds and other cell-growth structures using microfluidics to culture biological samples

An apparatus for producing gas bubbles, comprising:

• an outer micropipette including an outer outlet having an outer outlet diameter, the outer micropipette configured to allow a liquid to flow through;
• an inner micropipette located inside the outer micropipette to separate the interior within the outer micropipette into a gas flow region inside the inner micropipette and a liquid flow region between the inner micropipette and the outer micropipette, the inner micropipette including an inner outlet having an inner outlet diameter to allow a gas to flow through and to mix with the liquid before the liquid flows through the outer outlet to produce gas bubbles inside the liquid at the outer outlet, the outer micropipette and the inner micropipette being configured to make the gas bubbles as a single stream of gas bubbles uniform in size, one gas bubble at a time;
• a first fluid inlet coupled to inner micropipette to receive the gas to pass through the inner micropipette;
• a second fluid inlet coupled to the outer micropipette to receive the liquid to pass through the region inside the outer micropipette and between the outer micropipette and the inner micropipette,
• wherein a surface of the inner outlet and a surface of the outer inlet are separated by a distance between and including 350 μm and 450 μm, the diameter of the inner outlet is between 25 μm and 35 μm, and the diameter of the outer outlet is between and including 60 μm and 75 μm;
• and
• a formation device for collecting the produced gas bubbles to form a matrix structure, wherein the formation device includes
• a reservoir that holds gas bubbles;
• an input channel that is connected to the reservoir to direct the gas bubbles output by the outer micropipette into the reservoir;
• an output channel that is connected to the reservoir to direct excessive gas bubbles out of the reservoir;
• and
• a reservoir cover removably engaged to cover a top opening of the reservoir to form an enclosure for containing the gas bubbles in a shape defined by the reservoir and the reservoir cover to be crosslinked to form a matrix structure.