# US 9,882,476 B2 · Method and apparatus for phase current estimation in semi-resonant voltage converters > Agents: this data is available as JSON from the patentgrep API and MCP server — see https://patentgrep.com/llms.txt - Number: US 9,882,476 B2 - Document ID: US9882476B2 - Status: Granted - Kind: B2 - Application number: 15/168,439 - Filed: 2016-05-31 - Published: 2017-11-30 - Granted: 2018-01-30 - Earliest claimed: 2016-05-31 - Assignees: Infineon Tehnologies Austria AG - Applicants: Infineon Technologies Austria AG - Inventors: Amir Babazadeh - Web page: https://patentgrep.com/patent/US9882476B2 ## CPC - H02M 3/157: with digital control - H02M 3/156: with automatic control of output voltage or current, e.g. switching regulators - H02M 3/1584: {with a plurality of power processing stages connected in parallel} - H02M 3/1588: {comprising at least one synchronous rectifier element (H02M3/1582, H02M3/1584 take precedence)} - H02M 3/33592: {having a synchronous rectifier circuit or a synchronous freewheeling circuit at the secondary side of an isolation transformer} - H02M 1/0009: {Devices or circuits for detecting current in a converter} - H02M 1/0012: {Control circuits using digital or numerical techniques (in DC/DC converters H02M3/157, H02M3/33515; in DC-AC converters H02M7/53873)} - H02M 1/088: for the simultaneous control of series or parallel connected semiconductor devices - H02M 3/285: {Single converters with a plurality of output stages connected in parallel (parallel operation of a plurality of converters in DC distribution networks H02J1/10)} - H02M 3/33515: {with digital control} - Y02B 70/10: Technologies improving the efficiency by using switched-mode power supplies [SMPS], i.e. efficient power electronics conversion e.g. power factor correction or reduction of losses in power supplies or efficient standby modes - H02M: APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF (transformers H01F; dynamo-electric converters H02K47/00; controlling transformers, reactors or choke coils, control or regulation of electric motors, generators or dynamo-electric converters H02P) - Y02B: CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS ## Abstract A resonant or semi-resonant voltage converter includes a synchronous rectification (SR) switch through which a current having a half-cycle sinusoidal-like shape is conducted when the SR switch is active. The current through the SR switch is modelled, and estimates of the SR switch current are generated by a digital estimator based on the model. The SR switch current estimates are updated at a fairly fast rate, as may be needed by a controller of the voltage converter. Analog converters are run at a slower rate, and generate error signals that are fed back into the digital estimator in order to improve future SR switch current estimates. Because the analog converters run at a fairly slow rate, power usage is minimal. However, the SR switch current estimates are updated at a rate that is fast enough to provide adequate control for the voltage converter. ## Claims ### Claim 1 A voltage converter that uses a variable switching frequency, the voltage converter comprising: a first phase that comprises a synchronous rectification (SR) switch through which an SR current having a half-cycle sinusoidal-like shape is conducted when the SR switch is active; a PWM generator operable to control cycle-by-cycle switching of the SR switch by providing a pulse width modulation (PWM) control signal to the SR switch, the frequency of the PWM control signal being based upon a first estimate of the SR current; and a current estimator comprising: a digital estimation circuit configured to generate the first estimate of the SR current using a model of current through the SR switch and an error signal, and configured to update the first estimate of the SR current at a first frequency; and an analog conversion circuit configured to input a measured current corresponding to the SR current, to provide conversions at a second frequency, and to generate the error signal. ### Claim 2 (depends on 1) The voltage converter of claim 1, wherein the first phase further comprises: a power stage including a high-side switch and a low-side switch coupled to the high-side switch at a switching node of the power stage; and a passive circuit including a transformer/tapped-inductor, the passive circuit coupling the switching node to an output node of the voltage converter, and that is coupled to ground through the SR switch when the SR switch is conducting, wherein the PWM generator is further operable to control cycle-by-cycle switching of the high-side switch and the low-side switch by providing PWM control signals to each of the high-side and low-side switches. ### Claim 3 (depends on 1) The voltage converter of claim 1, further comprising additional phases, each of which comprises an additional SR switch through which an additional SR current having a half-cycle sinusoidal-like shape is conducted when the additional SR switch is active. ### Claim 4 (depends on 1) The voltage converter of claim 1, wherein the first frequency is greater than the second frequency. ### Claim 5 (depends on 1) The voltage converter of claim 1, wherein the digital estimation circuit is configured to model the SR current based upon a polynomial of order two or higher. ### Claim 6 (depends on 5) The voltage converter of claim 5, wherein the polynomial is a second-order polynomial given by: ISR_EST=nα(TSR_ON−t)t wherein n is related to the turns ratio of a transformer/tapped-inductor to which the SR switch is coupled, TSR_ON is a period of time within a cycle of the voltage converter during which the SR switch is conducting, t is a time from the beginning of the period during which the SR switch is conducting, and α is based upon a switch period TSW of the cycle of the voltage converter, and the period of time TSR_ON that the SR switch is conducting. ### Claim 7 (depends on 1) The voltage converter of claim 1, wherein the analog conversion circuit comprises: a digital-to-analog converter configured to input the first estimate of the SR current and to convert this first estimate into an analog SR current estimate at a rate corresponding to the second frequency; a current summation circuit configured to generate an analog error by summing the analog SR current estimate and the measured current; and an analog-to-digital converter configured to convert the analog error into the error signal at a rate corresponding to the second frequency. ### Claim 8 (depends on 1) The voltage converter of claim 1, wherein the digital estimation circuit further comprises: a slope estimator configured to generate a first estimate of the slope of the SR current, the estimated slope being updated at the first frequency. ### Claim 9 (depends on 1) The voltage converter of claim 1, wherein the digital estimation circuit further comprises: an error integrator configured to integrate and scale the error signal to produce an integrated error, wherein the integrated error is updated at a rate corresponding to the second frequency. ### Claim 10 (depends on 9) The voltage converter of claim 9, wherein the digital estimation circuit further comprises: a digital summation circuit configured to generate an improved slope estimate by summing the integrated error, the error signal or a scaled version of the error signal, and a first estimate of the slope of the SR current; and a slope integrator configured to integrate the improved slope estimate. ### Claim 11 (depends on 9) The voltage converter of claim 9, further comprising: a slope estimator configured to generate a first estimate of the slope of the SR current based upon the integrated error and a look-up table. ### Claim 12 (depends on 9) The voltage converter of claim 9, wherein the digital estimation circuit is further configured to generate a second SR current estimate based upon the first SR current estimate, by latching the first SR current estimate at a time given by t=TSR_ON/2, wherein the time t starts at zero when the SR switch is turned on during a switching cycle, and TSR_ON is a period of time during which the SR switch is conducting before it is turned off during the switching cycle, the second SR current estimate being updated once in each switching cycle. ### Claim 13 A method for current estimation in a variable-frequency voltage converter, the variable-frequency voltage converter including a synchronous rectification (SR) switch through which an SR current having a half-cycle sinusoidal-like shape is conducted when the SR switch is active, the method comprising, for each switching cycle of the variable-frequency voltage converter: enabling the SR switch such that it conducts the SR current for an SR conducting period, the SR conducting period being a portion of a switching period for a current switching cycle; generating a modelled SR current, the modelled SR current being based upon a model of the SR current during the SR conducting period and being updated at a first frequency; generating a first SR current estimate using the modelled SR current and an error signal; converting the first SR current estimate to an analog SR current estimate such that the analog SR current estimate is updated at a second frequency; inputting a measured SR current and generating an analog SR current error by generating a difference between the measured SR current and the analog SR current estimate; and converting the analog SR current error into the error signal, such that the error signal is updated at the second frequency. ### Claim 14 (depends on 13) The method of claim 13, wherein the first frequency is greater than the second frequency. ### Claim 15 (depends on 13) The method of claim 13, wherein the model of the SR current is based upon a polynomial of order two or higher. ### Claim 16 (depends on 13) The method of claim 13, wherein the polynomial is a second-order polynomial given by: ISR_EST=nα(TSR_ON−t)t wherein n is related to the turns ratio of a transformer/tapped-inductor to which the SR switch is coupled, TSR_ON is the SR conducting period, t is a time from the beginning of the SR conducting period for the current switching cycle, and α is based upon the switching period TSW for the current switching cycle and the SR conducting period TSR_ON. ### Claim 17 (depends on 13) The method of claim 13, further comprising: generating an estimate of a slope of the SR current, the slope estimate being updated at the first frequency. ### Claim 18 (depends on 13) The method of claim 13, further comprising: generating an integrated error by integrating and scaling the error signal, such that the integrated error is updated at a rate corresponding to the second frequency, and wherein the generation of the first SR current estimate is further based upon the integrated error. ### Claim 19 (depends on 18) The method of claim 18, further comprising: generating an estimate of a slope of the SR current; summing the integrated error, the error signal or a scaled version of the error signal, and the estimate of the slope of the SR current to generate an improved slope estimate; integrating the improved slope estimate to generate an integrated slope; and updating the estimate of the slope of the SR current based upon the integrated slope. ### Claim 20 (depends on 18) The method of claim 18, further comprising: generating an estimate of a slope of the SR current based upon the integrated error and a look-up table. ### Claim 21 (depends on 13) The method of claim 13, further comprising: generating a second SR current estimate based upon the first SR current estimate, by latching the first SR current estimate at a time given by t=TSR_ON/2, TSR_ON being the SR conducting period for a given switching cycle, the time t starting at zero at the beginning of the SR conducting period, the second SR current estimate being updated once in each switching cycle.