Light-emitting element

A light-emitting element, comprising:

• a laminated structure including a first compound semiconductor layer having a first conductivity type, a second compound semiconductor layer having a second conductivity type different than the first conductivity type, and a third compound semiconductor layer that includes an active layer,
• wherein the third compound semiconductor layer is between the first compound semiconductor layer and the second compound semiconductor layer,
• wherein a first end surface of the first compound semiconductor layer makes a first angle (theta1) relative to a direction along a thickness of the laminated structure,
• wherein a second end surface of the second compound semiconductor layer makes a second angle (theta2) relative to the direction along the thickness of the laminated structure,
• wherein an opposed second end surface, of the second compound semiconductor layer, is opposite to the second end surface,
• wherein a third end surface of the third compound semiconductor layer makes a third angle (theta3) relative to the direction along the thickness of the laminated structure,
• wherein the second end surface is a light-emitting surface and the opposed second end surface is a light-reflecting surface,
• wherein an absolute value of an amount of lattice distortion in the second compound semiconductor layer is greater than 0.02%, and
• wherein, based on the absolute value of the amount of lattice distortion, the theta1, the theta2, and the theta3 satisfy following relationships:
• |theta2−theta3| is greater than 2.0 degrees, and |theta1−theta3| is greater than 1.0 degrees.