Quaternary phosphonium coated surfaces and methods of making the same

A composition comprising:

• a substrate comprising a functionalized surface;
• and
• a quaternary phosphonium compound bonded to the functionalized surface, wherein the composition has a structure:
• wherein n1 is between 1 and 100.

A method for preparing a composition comprising:

• attaching a quaternary phosphonium compound to a functionalized surface of a substrate, wherein the quaternary phosphonium compound has a radical of formula I:
• wherein X1, X2, X3, and X4 are independently non-existent or independently selected from O, S, NR5, ═N—, PR6, and ═P—;
• and
• wherein R1, R2, R3, R4, R6, and R6 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyls, substituted alkyl, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, substituted cycloalkenyl, alkenyl, substituted cycloalkenyl, alkynyl, substituted alkynyl, haloalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, alkoxy, alkoxyalkyl, heteroalkyl, haloalkoxy, aryl, substituted aryl, aryloxy, aralkyloxy, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, heterocycle, substituted heterocycle, amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, hydroxyalkylamino, (amino)alkyl, (alkylamino)alkyl, (dialkylamino)alkyl, (cyano)alkyl), carboxamido, (carboxamido)alkyl, methacrylate, methacrylamide, sulfonamide, alkylcarbonyl, arylcarbonyl, alkylsulfonyl, arylsulfonyl, mercaptoalkyl, carboxy, carboxyalkyl, ureido, guanidine, (heterocyclo)alkyl, and (heteroaryl)alkyl, and are linked to the phosphorus through any one of oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, carbon, and phosphorus;
• wherein attaching the quaternary phosphonium compound comprises polymerizing a linker, having a proximal end and a distal end, to form a covalent bond between the quaternary phosphonium compound and the distal end of the linker;
• and subsequently covalently bonding the proximal end of the linker to the functionalized surface.