Biomarkers for disease activity and clinical manifestations systemic lupus erythematosus

A method of determining the effectiveness of a treatment for systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) consisting of:

• a. assaying gene expression levels of IFIT3, MMP8, CD38, and KLRB1 in a sample of blood from a subject who has received the treatment for SLE, wherein assaying the gene expression levels is performed using a method comprising at least one of:
• PCR, RNA sequencing, or microarray;
• b. comparing the gene expression levels of IFIT3, MMP8, CD38, and KLRB1 in the sample from the subject with reference gene expression levels of IFIT3, MMP8, CD38, and KLRB1 obtained from the subject prior to the treatment;
• c. assaying for the level of vWF in a sample of blood from the subject, wherein assaying for vWF is performed using a method comprising at least one of:
• ELISA, western blot, immunoblot, quantitative mass spectrometry, radioimmunoassay, immunoradiometric assay, or immunoenzymatic assay;
• d. comparing the level of vWF with a reference level of vWF in a sample of blood obtained from the subject prior to the treatment;
• and
• e. determining the treatment as being effective for treating SLE when the levels of IFIT3, MMP8, CD38, and vWF from the subject are decreased and the level of KLRB1 from the subject is increased as compared to the reference levels.

A method of detecting increased risk of future flares of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in a subject diagnosed with SLE, consisting of:

• a. assaying gene expression levels of IFIT3, MMP8, CD38, and KLRB1 in a sample of blood from the subject, wherein assaying the gene expression levels is performed using a method comprising at least one of:
• PCR, RNA sequencing, or microarray;
• b. comparing the gene expression levels of IFIT3, MMP8, CD38, and KLRB1 in the sample from the subject with reference gene expression levels of IFIT3, MMP8, CD38, and KLRB1 in a sample of blood from a first healthy control;
• c. assaying for the level of vWF in a sample of blood from the subject, wherein assaying for the vWF is performed using a method comprising at least one of ELISA, western blot, immunoblot, quantitative mass spectrometry, radioimmunoassay, immunoradiometric assay, or immunoenzymatic assay;
• d. comparing the level of vWF with a reference level of vWF in a sample of blood from the first or a second healthy control;
• e. determining that the subject has an increased risk of future flares of SLE when the levels of IFIT3, MMP8, CD38, and vWF from the subject are increased and the level of KLRB1 from the subject is decreased as compared to the reference levels.